Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Bulletin, Volume 24 Supplement, 1996


Proceedings of the 9th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts & Powdery Mildews Conference

2-6 September 1996, Lunteren, The Netherlands

Edited by: G.H.J. Kema, R.E. Nike, & R.A. Daamen.


McIntosh, R.A. Some recollections on cereal rust genetics. (Opening address) Volume 24, Supplement:21

THEME 1 MOLECULAR AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS

Keynote
Giese, H., Justesen, A.F., Solveig K. Christiansen Potential for the use of transformation in studies of the obligate biotroph Erijsiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. Volume 24, Supplement:31

Session 1.1 Molecular genetics of host-pathogen interactions

Keller, B., Schachermayr, G., Feuillet, C. Molecular cloning of a new
receptor-like kinase gene encoded at the LrlO disease resistance locus of wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:34

Barna, B., El-Abdou, S., Manninger, K. Induction of systemic resistance in wheat to stem rust correlates with higher activity of enzymes of lignification. Volume 24, Supplement:37

Boyd,L.A., Smith,P.H., Foster,E.M., & Brown,J.K.M., Defence gene induction in barley in response to the development of powdery mildew fungi. Volume 24, Supplement:40

Mierau, M., Graegner, B., Mort, A.J., & Moerschbacher, B.M., The role of
pectins in stem rust-infected wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:44


Session 1.2 Genetics of the pathogen

Foster, E.M., & Brown, J.K.M., AFLP mapping in barley powdery mildew. Volume 24, Supplement:49

Szabo, L.J., Zambino P.J., & Kubelik, A.R., Mapping avirulence genes in
the rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Volume 24, Supplement:52

Atzema, J.L., Finckh, M.R., & Wolfe, M.S., Genetics of the response of Erysiphe graminis f-sp. hordei to mlo-resistance in barley. Volume 24, Supplement:55

Lyngkjaer, M.F., & Ostergaard,H., Powdery mildew infection of barley with the mlo resistance gene. Volume 24, Supplement:58

Session 1.3 Posters

Stadnik, M.J., Kreer, J. & Buchenauer, H., Uptake, translocation and metabolism of 2-Aminoisobutyricacid (2-AiBA) in wheat plants in relation to its effectiveness in the control of induced resis against Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia recondite triticina. Volume 24, Supplement:61

Boermans, H., & Moerschbacher, B., The role of a pathogen induce wall-membrane linker protein (WIR 1) in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:62

Hlinkova, E., & SYkora, M., Changes in the extracellular pr induced by powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. infection. Volume 24, Supplement:63

Kemp, G., Botha, A-M., Pretorius, Z.A., & Kloppers, F.J., Effect of chitinase and P-1,3-glucanase on the germination of Puccinia recondite tritici urediospores. Volume 24, Supplement:64

El-Kazzaz, M.R., Bassiouni,A., Hassan, M.A., EI~Shamy, M.M., Crossed immunoelectrophoretical studies on wheat rusts. Volume 24, Supplement:65

Ridout, C.J., & Brown, J.K.M., Fine-scale mapping of the avirulence Avra12 in the barley pathogen Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei.Volume 24, Supplement:66

Lyngkjaer, M.F., Carver, T.L.W., & Zeyen, R.J., Suppression of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Volume 24, Supplement:67

THEME 2 POPULATION DIVERSITY AND DYNAMICS

Keynote
Reproduction systems of biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic fung pathogens and their consequences for breeding for resistance. Parlevliet, J.E., Volume 24, Supplement:71

Session 2.1 Taxonomy

Szabo, L.J., Zambino, P.J., Garry, C., & Anikster, Y., Molecular phylogenetic analysis of barley leaf rusts and related leaf rust of grasses and liliaceae, based on rDNA sequence analysis. Volume 24, Supplement:77

Anikster, Y., Manisterski, J., & Ben-Yehuda, P., Crossability of forms within the Puccinia recondite complex. Volume 24, Supplement:80

Ezzahiri, B., Ouassou, A., & Mzada, K., Pathogenicity of Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici in Morocco in the period 1993-1995. Volume 24, Supplement:83

Mamluk, O.F., EI~Naimi, M., & Hakim, M.S., Host-preference in Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:86

Session 2.2 Population diversityldynamics

Caffier, V., Brdndle, U., de Vallavieille-Pope, C., & Wolfe, M.S., Genetic structure of barley powdery mildew populations in Fr winter and spring differentiation. Volume 24, Supplement:89

Park, R.F., jahoor, A., & Felsenstein,F.C., Genetic variation in European populations of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici, using pathogenicity and molecular markers. Volume 24, Supplement:92

Liu, J.Q., & Kolmer,J.A., Virulence and molecular polymorphism in asexual and sexual populations of Puccinia recondita f-sp. tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:95

Chong,J., Virulence and phenotypic diversity of Puccinia coronata on oat and buckthorn in Manitoba, Canada, during 1986-1995. Volume 24, Supplement:98

Line, R.F., & Chen,X., Wheat and barley stripe rust in North America. Volume 24, Supplement:101

Hovmoller, M.S.,& OstergArd, H., Prediction of durability of powdery mildew resistance in autumn sown and spring sown barley varieties. Volume 24, Supplement:105

Huerta-Espino, J., & Singh, R.P., Misconceptions on the durability of some adult leaf rust resistance genes in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:109

Lehman, J., & Shaner,G., Adaptation of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici to partially resistant wheat cultivars. Volume 24, Supplement:112

Session 2.3 Variety mixtures

Lannou, C., & Mundt, C.C., Evolution of a pathogen population in host mixtures:simple race - complex race competition. Volume 24, Supplement:115

Newton, A.C., & Guy, D., Mechanisms operating in barley cultivar mixtures. Volume 24, Supplement:120

Schdrer, H.J, & Wolfe, M.S., Dynamics of the populations of barley powdery mildew pathogen in cultivar mixtures and corresponding pure stands in Poland. Volume 24, Supplement:124


Session 2.4 Posters

Anikster, Y., Eilam, T., & Bushnell, W.R., The use of image-analysis for spore measurements in cereal leaf rust fungi. Volume 24, Supplement:128

Bayles, R.A., & Clarkson, J.D.S., Changes in virulence frequency in response to host resistance in UK pathogen populations. Volume 24, Supplement:130

Nayar, S.K., Saari, E.F., Prashar, M., & Bhardwaj, S.C., Impact of resistance breeding on rust populations in India. Volume 24, Supplement:131

Steele, K.A., & Dickinson, M.J., PCR-based molecular markers for pathotype identification in Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:132

O'Hara, R.B., & Brown, J.K.M., Frequency- and density- dependent selection in wheat powdery mildew. Volume 24, Supplement:133

Bogkovic, M.M., Bogkovic, V.J., & jerkovic, J., Evaluation of wheat genotypes for differentiating pathotypes of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:134

Park, R.F., & Felsenstein, F.G., Distribution of pathotypes of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici in western Europe in 1995. Volume 24, Supplement:135

Goyeau H. & de Vallavieille-Pope C. Population structure and sampling of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici in France during 19931995. Volume 24, Supplement:136

Casulli F., Pasquini,M. Pancaldi D. & Grifoni F. Epidemiological aspects and virulence of Puccinia recondite f. sp. tritici in Italy. Volume 24, Supplement:137

Manninger K. Frequencies of virulence genes in brown rust population in Hungary. Volume 24, Supplement:138

Long D.L. & Leonard K.J. Distribution of wheat leaf rust races in the USA. Volume 24, Supplement:139

Manisterski J.,Kosman E. & Eyal Z. Changes in wheat leaf rust and yellow rust populations in Israel. Volume 24, Supplement:140

Hakim M.S. & Mamluk O.F. Virulences of the wheat yellow rust pathogen in Syria and Lebanon. Volume 24, Supplement:141

Saari E.E. The Yr9 virulence factor in Puccinia striiformis and south Asia:co-evolution or migration from a distant place? Volume 24, Supplement:142

Prochnow J. & Walther U. Development of barley leaf rust populations in Germany (1975-1995), neighbouring countries (1992-95) and characterization of relations between the different isolates by using cluster-analysis. Volume 24, Supplement:143

Leonard K.J & Anikster Y. Oat crown rust diversity in North America and Israel.
Volume 24, Supplement:144

Sebesta J., Zwatz B., Corazza L. & Stojanovic S. Epidemiology of crown rust on oats and the effectiveness of Pc-genes in Europe. Volume 24, Supplement:145

Ruge b., Lellbach H. & Wehling P. Molecular characterization of different single-pustule lines of leaf rust (Puccinia recondite f.sp. secalis) in rye and crown rust (P. coronata) in forage grasses by RAPD analysis. Volume 24, Supplement:146

Strzembicka A. & Lazarska B. Virulence structures of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici) population in Poland. Volume 24, Supplement:147

Huszdr J. Virulence analysis of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici in west Slovakia. Volume 24, Supplement:148

Szunics L. & Szunics L. Race composition and virulence of wheat powdery mildew in Hungary(1971-1995). Volume 24, Supplement:149

Iliev I. Diversity of the populations of Erysiphe@grami . nis f.sp. tritici in the period 1993-1994. Volume 24, Supplement:150

Jevtic R., Stojanovic S. & Pribakovic M. Analysis of powdery, miIdew virulence on wheat in Yugoslavia. Volume 24, Supplement:151

Gacek E.S, Czembor H.J & Bilinski Z.R. Population structure of barley powdery mildew in Poland. Volume 24, Supplement:152

Dreiseitl A. & Steffenson B.J. Structures of barley. mildew population in the Czech republic and North Dakota in 1995. Volume 24, Supplement:153

Felsenstein, F.G., Hsam, S.L.K., & Zeller, F.J., Distribution of virulence of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. avenae in western Europe. Volume 24, Supplement:154

Felsenstein, F.G., Response of Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici to the recent selection pressure of DMI fungicides within western Europe. Volume 24, Supplement:155

Aslam,M., Hussain,M., & Kirmani, M.A.S., Evolution for pathogenicityin Puccinia recondite populations in Pakistan. Volume 24, Supplement:156

THEME 3 GENETIC VARIATION FOR RESISTANCE IN HOST PLANTS

Keynote
Genetic modification of barley and wheat by direct gene transfer. Becker, D., Jdhne-Gdrtner, A., Brauer, G., Oldach, K., and Lbrz,H., Volume 24, Supplement:159

Session 3.1 Genetic resources

Aung, T., Chong, J., & Leggett, M., The transfer of crown rust resistance gene Pc94 from a wild diploid to cultivated hexaploid oat. Volume 24, Supplement:167

Chong, J., & Aung, T., Interaction of the crown rust resistance gene Pc94 with several Pc genes. Volume 24, Supplement:172

Singh, R.P., Ma,H., & Autrique, E., Suppressors for leaf rust and stripe rust resistance in interspecific crosses. Volume 24, Supplement:176

Xue, X.Z., Ji, W.Q., Wang, X.Z., Xu, X.T., & Chen, J., Transfer of alien disease resistance genes into common wheat by means of chromosome engineering. Volume 24, Supplement:179

Session 3.2 Genetics of resistance & breeding

Harder, D.E.,& Legge, W.G., Stem rust resistance in barley - an overview. Volume 24, Supplement:182

Jahoor, A., & Schbnfeld, M., Marker assisted breeding for mildew resistance in cereals with respect to synteny among the loci for mildew resistance. Volume 24, Supplement:186

Schachermayr, G., Feuillet, C., Messmer, M., Winzeler, M., & Keller, B. Development of molecular markers linked to the Lrl, Lr9 and Lr24 leaf rust resistance genes in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:188

Pretorius, Z.A., & Kloppers F.J., Managing Lr genes in wheat germplasm improvement in South Africa. Volume 24, Supplement:192

Johnson, R., & Bimb, H.P., Genetics of resistance to yellow rust in CIMMYT wheats. Volume 24, Supplement:195

Chicaiza, O., Franckowiak, J.D., & Steffenson, B.J., Backcross-derived lines of barley differing for leaf rust resistance genes. Volume 24, Supplement:198

Steffenson, B.J., & jin, Y., A multi-allelic series at the Rph2 locus for leaf rust resistance in barle . Volume 24, Supplement:201

Hague, R.E., & Brown, J.K.M Molecular biometrical genetics of powdery mildew resistance in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:204

Qi, X.Q., Niks, R.E., Hora, K., Stam, P., & Lindhout P., Mapping partial resistance genes to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) on the barley genome by using AFLP markers. Volume 24, Supplement:208

Miedaner, T., Gey, A.K.M., Sperling, U., & Geiger, H.H., Genetic variation for leaf rust resistance among inbred lines and single crosses in winter rye. Volume 24, Supplement:211

Kinane, S.J., & jones, P.W., Isolation and characterisation of induced wheat mutants exhibiting partial resistance to powdery mildew.
Volume 24, Supplement:214

Session 3.3 Posters

Eversmeyer, M.G., Browder, L.E., Bockelman, H.E., Wesenberg, D.M.,& Kramer, C.L., Evaluation of the USDA-ARS-NSGC wheat collection for leaf rust resistance. Volume 24, Supplement:218

Lbwer, C., Zeybek, A., Braun, P., Kbhler, W., & Turgut, I., Mildew resistance genes of Hordeum spontaneum in Turkey. Volume 24, Supplement:219

Anker, C.C., & Niks R.E., Prehaustorial resistance to wheat leaf rust in diploid wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:220

Jacobs, A.S., Pretorius, Z.A., Kloppers, F.J., Cox, T.S., & Coutinho, T. Histopathology of wheat leaf rust resistance derived from Triticum monococcum. Volume 24, Supplement:221

Ittu, M., Giura, A., Ittu Gh., & Saulescu, N.N., Test of allelism for a resistance gene to leaf rust transferred to common wheat from Aegilops variabilis L. Volume 24, Supplement:222

Murphy, N., Loughman, R., Lagudah, E., Wilson, R., Appels, R., Jones, M.G.K., Genetics of resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in Triticum tauschii. Volume 24, Supplement:223

Bender, C.M., Pretorius, Z.A., Kloppers, F.J., & Jacobs, A.S., Histopathology of Lr35 resistance to leaf rust of wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:224

Hu, G., & Rijkenberg, F.H.J., Scanning electron microscopy studies of early infection structure formation of Puccinia recondita on and in susceptible and resistant wheat lines.
Volume 24, Supplement:225

Flath, K., & Andersch, A., Assessment of partial resistance to powdery mildew in German winter wheat varieties by a laboratory method. Volume 24, Supplement:226

Tvaruzek, L., & Klem, K., Adult plant resistance of wheat to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici). Volume 24, Supplement:227

Muller, D., Prochnow, J., & Walther, U., Breeding for partial resistance to barley leaf rust: possibilities to use genetic resources and biotechnological, biochemical and classical selection methods. Volume 24, Supplement:228

Dedrijver, F., & Jubier, M.F., Molecular markers linked to leaf rust resistance genes in wheat.
Volume 24, Supplement:229

Linz, A., & Wehling P., Identification of molecular markers linked to a leaf rust resistance gene in rye (Secale cereale L.). Volume 24, Supplement:230

Kicherer, S., Backes, G., Jahoor, A., Walther, U., & Fischbeck, G. Characterisation of a barley DH-population with regard to resistance against leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) by means of QTL~ analysis. Volume 24, Supplement:231

Howie, J.A., Worland, A.J., Law, C.N., & Stratford, R., Mapping and segregation of putative susceptibility loci influencing adult plant resistance in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:232

Line, R.F., Chen, X., Gale, M.D., & Leung, H., Development of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci in wheat for durable resistance to Puccinia striiformis. Volume 24, Supplement:234

German, S.E., & Kolmer, J.A., Genetics of leaf rust resistance in selected Uruguayan wheat cultivars. Volume 24, Supplement:235

Kloppers, F.J., & Pretorius, Z.A., Recognition of adult-plant resistance to leaf rust in the wheat line KS91WGRC12. Volume 24, Supplement:236

Nazim, M., & Sharif, S., Complementary and additive effects of leaf rust resistance genes in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:237

Bassiouni, A.A., Abo El-Naga, S.A., El-Daoudi, Y.H., & Khalifa, M.M. Yield losses and resistance in wheat cultivars and promising lines in Egypt. Volume 24, Supplement:238

Bartos, P., Stuchlikova, E., Hanusova, R., & Blazkova, V., Genes for leaf rust, stem rust and yellow rust resistance in Czech wheat cultivars. Volume 24, Supplement:239

Cetin, L., Dusunceli, F., Albustan, S., Eser, V., & Beniwal, S.P.S., Evaluation of the Turkish winter and facultative wheat germplasm for rust resistance in central Anatolia.Volume 24, Supplement:240

Cetin, L., Dusunceli, F., Albustan, S., Beniwal, S.P.S., H.-j. Braun & A. Morgounov. Performance of the 4th and 5th FAWWON for rust resistance in Ankara, Turkey. Volume 24, Supplement:241

Hanusova, R., & Bartos, P., Powdery mildew resistance of Czech and Slovak wheat cultivars.
Volume 24, Supplement:242

Czembor, J.H., & johnston, M.R., Resistance genes to powdery mildew of barley in selections from Tunisian barley landraces. Volume 24, Supplement:243

Vechet, L., Evaluation of genetic similarity in interaction of Czechoslovakian winter wheat cultivars-yellow rust by use of cluster analysis. Volume 24, Supplement:244

jerkovic, Z., Stojanovic, S., Jetvic, R., Boskovic, J., & Boskovic, M., Resistance of the Yugoslav varieties to Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:245

Mikhailova, L., Karjin, H., & Gultyeva, E., Genetics of leaf rust resistance of new wheat accessions developed in the Bulgarian plant protection institute. Volume 24, Supplement:246

Bimb, H.P., & Johnson, R., Expression of the gene Pm8 for powdery mildew resistance in wheat cultivars with the 1BL/1RS translocation which carries the gene Yr9 for yellow rust resistance. Volume 24, Supplement:247

Bogkovic, J., Bogkovic, M.M., & jerkovic, Z., Combinations of unknown and strong resistance genes of wheat to Puccinia recondite f. sp. tritici. Volume 24, Supplement:248

Ji, W.Q., Xue, X.Z., Wang, Q.Y., & Chen, J.L., Nullisomic analysis of stripe rust resistance gene(s) in common wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:249

Liu, J.Q., & Kolmer, J.A., Genetics of stem rust resistance in the Canadian wheat cultivars Pasqua and AC Taber. Volume 24, Supplement:250

Miller, J.D., Williams, N.D., & Klindworth, D.L., Sexual recombinant of stem rust differentiates resistance genes in wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:251

Scholz, M., & Wehling, P., Genetic analysis of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. secalis) in rye. Volume 24, Supplement:252

Cromey, M.G., & Griffin, W.B., Relationship between flag leaf and spike resistance to stripe rust in Otane wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:253

Csosz, M., Matuz, J., & Mesterhdzy, A., Tolerance reaction of wheat genotypes against stem rust and powdery mildew. Volume 24, Supplement:254

Rastegar, M.F., Repeatability coefficient of wheat resistance to yellow rust. Volume 24, Supplement:255

THEME 4 EPIDENHCS AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Keynote
Fungicide resistance in barley powdery mildew: from genetics to crop protection. J.K.M. Brown Volume 24, Supplement:259

Session 4.1 Control

Stark-Urnau, M., Gold, R., Guggenheim, R., & Duggelin, M., Sensitivity of different mildew and rust fungi against Kresoxim-methyl. Volume 24, Supplement:268

Finckh, M.R., Gacek, E.S Nadziak, J., Wolfe, M.S., & Czembor, H.J., Ecological interactions in cereal mixtures in Poland. Volume 24, Supplement. 272

Pons, J., Hau, B., & Koehler, W., Dynamics of fungicide resistance and virulence of powdery mildew populations. Volume 24, Supplement:275


Session 4.2 Epidemiology

Ostergaard, H., & Pons, J., Epidemic development of a barley powdery mildew population. Volume 24, Supplement:279

Damgaard, C., & Ostergdrd, H. Genetic variation in the gene-for-gene system. Volume 24, Supplement:284

Geagea, L., Huber, L., & Sache, I., Removal of urediniospores of brown and yellow rusts of wheat in controlled conditions. Volume 24, Supplement:287

de Vallavieille-Pope, C., Huber, L., Leconte, M., & Coyeau, H., Comparative effects of temperature and interrupted wet periods on infection of Pticcinia recondite f.sp. tritici and P. striiformis on wheat seedlings in controlled conditions and in the field. Volume 24, Supplement:290

Eversmeyer, M.G., & Kramer, C.L., Modeling wheat leaf rust epidemics in the central Great Plains of the USA. Volume 24, Supplement:294

Firsching, K.-H., Tiedemann, A., & Elstner, E.F., Effects of elevated concentrations of C02 and 03 on leaf rust of wheat (Puccinia recondite f.sp. tritici). Volume 24, Supplement:297

Session 4.3 Posters

Gacek, E.S., Finckh, M.R., Hurej, M., Parylak, D., Czembor, H.J., & Wolfe, M.S., The use of cultivar and species mixtures for restriction of diseases, weed infestation and other pests. Volume 24, Supplement:302

de Vallavieille-Pope, C., & Goyeau, H., Induced resistance in wheat yellow rust epidemics in varietal mixtures. Volume 24, Supplement:303

Gacek, E.S., Strzembicka, A., Wegrzyn, S., & Czembor, H.J., Disease restriction, grain yield and stability in spring wheat cultivar mixtures. Volume 24, Supplement:304

Csosz, M., Mesterhdzy, A., Matuz, J., & Barabds, Z., Stem rust epidemiology studies with the center-pivot method. Volume 24, Supplement:305

Daamen, R.A., Bastiaans, L., & Stol, W., Surveys of leaf diseases in spring barley in the Netherlands in 1982~86 and 1994-95. Volume 24, Supplement:306

johnson, R., Manninger, K., Csbsz, M., & MesterhAzy, A., Vulnerability of yellow rust resistance in Hungarian wheats. Volume 24, Supplement:307

Dusunceli, F., Cetin, L., Albustan, S., & Beniwal, S.P.S Occurrence and impact of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) in Turkey in the 1994/1995 crop season. Volume 24, Supplement:309

Jafarpour, B., The importance of yellow rust and its control in Iran. Volume 24, Supplement:310

Jahn, M., & Enzian, S., Influence of fungicides on the spore production of Erysiphe graminis in different winter wheat cultivars. Volume 24, Supplement:311

Sykora, M., The state of sensitivity of barley powdery mildew populations (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei) against fungicides in central Europe. Volume 24, Supplement:312

Kubiniova, P., Plesnik, S., Krippel, E., & Sykora, M., Sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations in Slovakia and Hungary in 1995 and their development throughout 1993 - 1995.
Volume 24, Supplement:313

Firsching, K.-H., von Tiedemann, A., & Elstner, E.F., Impact of elevated CO2 and 03 concentrations on leaf rust epidemics on wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:314

Jensen, B., & Munk, L., Influence of nitrogen on important elements of a barley powdery mildew epidemic. Volume 24, Supplement:315

Karjin, H., Effectiveness of new fungicides against stem and leaf rust of wheat. Volume 24, Supplement:316